Corrections, AOD and suicide

By the Alcohol and Drug Foundation (ADF)

There are about 40,600 people in Australia’s prisons; with over 62,000 people going through the justice system each year.¹ Many people entering prison have poorer physical and mental health than the general population.¹ And, a large proportion have a history of harmful alcohol, drug use and/or dependence. Many also live with co-occurring mental health disorders.¹

People in prison have often experienced social exclusion, disadvantage and trauma before being imprisoned.² Compared to the general population, people in prison have higher rates of:

• housing instability and homelessness
• unemployment
• mental ill-health
• chronic physical health conditions, such as asthma, back problems, diabetes, and cancer
• communicable diseases, such as hepatitis.¹

These complexities increase the risk of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use problems.

Australia’s alcohol and drug services reach less than half of those who need treatment - and these rates are even lower for people in the criminal justice system.³

Illicit and injecting drug use in prison

There are significant drug-related health risks for people entering and leaving prison. While some people are incarcerated for reasons related to their drug use, others may start their drug use in prison.⁴

Around 73% of people entering prison used illicit drugs in the past year, compared to 18% of those not in prison.^1,6 People who inject drugs are also over-represented in the justice system.⁷ In Australia almost one-third of people entering prison have injected drugs at some point in their life with 38% of these reporting they had injected drugs very often in the past year.¹

Mental health, self-harm and suicide in prison

Many people in prison have both a mental health condition and substance use disorder.¹³ Just over half (51%) of people entering prison have been diagnosed with a mental health disorder at some point in their lives. And, many more go undiagnosed and untreated.¹

People entering prison are also more likely to have a history of self-harm and suicidal thoughts:

• Of people entering prison, 21% people have a history of self-harm
• Of people in prison, 15% had thoughts of self-harm in the last year.¹

A history or self-harm, and thoughts of self-harm increases risk of self-harm and suicide while in prison, and once released.³

Many people who experience mental health issues, self-harm or drug dependence don’t seek help. Prisons provide an opportunity for health and support interventions, including identifying people with mental health and drug use issues and providing treatment.²

Treatment in the prison system

In the past 10 years there’s been a 38% increase in the number of people entering the Australian prison system.¹ Prisons are often over-capacity, meaning people are sometimes moved from one prison to another. This can make providing treatment and continuous care difficult.¹

Treatment options differ between each state and territory, and national programs such as Medicare or the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) often aren’t available. This can be particularly difficult for someone who’s receiving AOD treatment.

People receiving treatment or medication before going to prison don’t always have access to these supports once they are imprisoned. This can leave them waiting for medication, leading to issues such as withdrawal or mental health instability.¹

Only 13% of people leaving prison in Australia have accessed AOD treatment in prison.^1,13 This lack of access to health care and AOD treatment increases the risk of:

• overdose
• self-harm
• suicide
• poorer health outcomes.^1,2

Improving post-release care

To help prevent the cycle of imprisonment, better support is needed for people while they’re in prison and once they’re released. This includes improved health care, secure housing, education and employment.⁷ Currently almost half (48%) of people leaving prison expect to be homeless once released.¹

People who have ceased AOD use whilst in prison have an increased likelihood to use AOD post-incarceration.^7,12 Research suggests that they have an increased risk of overdose post-incarceration - particularly in the first few weeks following release.³

Around 42% of people leaving prison will reoffend and be reimprisoned within six-months of release.¹⁴ This rate is significantly higher for people with a history of substance dependence.¹⁴

There are many factors that increase the risk of re-offending, including:

• homelessness
• inadequate social support
• unemployment
• chronic health problems.¹⁴

Help and support

• Australian Community Support Organisation (ACSO) provides a range of AOD treatment programs and services available for people engaged with the criminal justice system
• Path2Help provides the most up-to-date and credible resources to assist people looking for ways to support their loved ones who use alcohol and/or other drugs
• Contact the National Alcohol and Other Drug Hotline for advice and support on 1800 250 015
• Read more on this topic in the ADF Library
• Read more evidence articles on this topic in the ADF Library